Convulsions in children can be a frightening experience for parents and caregivers. They occur when a child has sudden, uncontrolled movements caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
While the sight of a child convulsing can be alarming, it is important to understand that not all convulsions are life-threatening, and many are treatable once the underlying cause is identified.
One of the most common causes of convulsions in young children is febrile seizures. These occur when a child develops a rapid rise in body temperature, usually due to infections such as malaria, pneumonia, ear infections, or viral illnesses. Febrile seizures are most common in children between 6 months and 5 years of age and, although frightening, are generally harmless and do not usually lead to epilepsy.
Infections of the brain are another serious cause of convulsions. Conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral malaria can irritate the brain and trigger seizures. These are medical emergencies and often present with other danger signs, including high fever, persistent vomiting, neck stiffness, drowsiness, or altered consciousness.
Epilepsy is a chronic condition in which a child experiences repeated, unprovoked seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, birth injuries, brain malformations, or previous brain infections. Unlike febrile seizures, epileptic seizures occur without fever and may happen repeatedly over time.
Head injuries, especially those resulting from falls or road traffic accidents, can also lead to convulsions. Bleeding or swelling in the brain after trauma may trigger seizures—sometimes immediately, and at other times several days later.
Metabolic and biochemical problems, such as low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), low calcium levels, or electrolyte imbalances, can also provoke convulsions. This is more common in newborns and malnourished children.
As a doctor, I emphasise that any child who experiences a convulsion should be evaluated by a health professional. Understanding the causes helps reduce fear and ensures that children receive timely, potentially life-saving care.
