Diarrhoea remains one of the leading causes of illness and preventable death among children under five, particularly in developing countries. Despite advances in medicine, many children continue to suffer from severe dehydration simply because families either do not know the correct treatment or seek help too late.
Diarrhoea itself is not usually dangerous. What makes it life-threatening is the loss of fluids and essential salts, which leads to dehydration.
A child can deteriorate quickly, sometimes within hours. Fortunately, the most effective treatment is simple, affordable, and available in every health facility: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) and zinc supplements.
When to seek medical attention
Parents should seek immediate medical care if a child shows any of the following signs:
- Persistent vomiting or inability to drink
- Very little urine output
- Sunken eyes or unusual sleepiness
- Blood in the stool or fever
- Diarrhoea lasting more than two days
Avoid giving anti-diarrhoeal medicines to young children unless advised by a doctor — they can be dangerous. Do not stop feeding; children need adequate nutrition to recover. Foods such as rice, bananas, porridge, yoghurt, mashed potatoes, and soups are gentle on the stomach and aid recovery.
What is ORS and why is it essential?
ORS is a special mixture of water, glucose, and electrolytes that replaces the fluids lost during diarrhoea more effectively than plain water or juice. Water alone may hydrate temporarily but cannot restore lost salts, and sugary drinks can worsen diarrhoea.
For every episode of diarrhoea, caregivers should start giving ORS immediately. Offer small, frequent sips, especially after each loose stool. For infants, breastfeeding should continue, as breast milk is not only safe but also protective.
If ORS is not immediately available, a temporary homemade solution can be prepared using clean, safe water: mix six level teaspoons of sugar and half a teaspoon of salt in one litre of water. It is crucial to measure accurately — too much salt or sugar can be harmful.
The role of zinc
Zinc is a vital but often overlooked part of diarrhoeal treatment. A 10–14-day course reduces the severity and duration of diarrhoea and helps prevent future episodes. Children aged six months and above should receive 20 mg daily, while infants under six months should receive 10 mg daily.
This simple mineral strengthens immunity and supports gut healing.
