Anaemia is a common health problem in children that often goes unnoticed. It occurs when a child’s blood contains too few healthy red blood cells or insufficient haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen throughout the body. Without enough oxygen, the body and brain cannot function optimally, which can affect growth, learning and overall health.
The most common cause of anaemia in children is iron deficiency. Growing children need more iron to support rapid growth and development. Poor dietary intake of iron-rich foods, such as meat, eggs, beans and green leafy vegetables, can lead to deficiency.
Other causes include chronic infections, parasitic infestations (such as hookworm or malaria), and certain genetic conditions, including sickle cell disease and thalassaemia.
Anaemia can be subtle at first. Parents may notice that a child is unusually tired, weak or irritable. Other signs include pale skin, especially around the lips and nails, poor appetite, dizziness, a rapid heartbeat, and delayed growth or developmental milestones. In severe cases, children may experience shortness of breath, fainting or frequent infections.
If left untreated, anaemia can affect a child’s cognitive development and physical growth, making school performance and daily activities more challenging. Blood tests carried out at a hospital can confirm the diagnosis, identify the underlying cause and guide appropriate treatment.
Preventing anaemia starts with proper nutrition. Children should be encouraged to eat iron-rich foods such as beef, chicken, eggs, lentils, beans, spinach and fortified cereals. Pairing iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich foods, such as oranges, tomatoes or mangoes, can improve iron absorption.
For children already diagnosed with anaemia, doctors may prescribe iron supplements and treat any underlying causes, such as infections or parasitic infestations. It is important to follow medical advice carefully, as incorrect dosing or stopping treatment too early can delay recovery.
Encouraging healthy eating habits, ensuring regular medical check-ups, practising good hygiene and promptly treating infections can significantly reduce the risk of anaemia. In areas where malaria or intestinal worms are common, preventive measures such as using bed nets, participating in deworming programmes and seeking prompt treatment are crucial.
